| 1 | Flying-Probe Test Systems | Movable probes contact test points without a dedicated bed-of-nails fixture. | Continuity and isolation between accessible electrical nodes; limits are configurable by test program. | Prototype, low-volume, and frequently changing bare-board designs. | Probe access, supported board dimensions, test-point density, programming workflow, and throughput on representative boards. |
| 2 | Fixture-Based Bare-Board Test Systems | A custom fixture contacts multiple board test points simultaneously. | Open circuits, short circuits, continuity, and insulation resistance according to the test program. | Repetitive production runs where fixture investment can be justified by volume. | Fixture cost and lead time, contact reliability, changeover needs, and fixture maintenance support. |
| 3 | In-Circuit Test (ICT) Systems | A fixture or probe system accesses nodes on an assembled PCB to test components and connections. | Component presence and value checks, shorts, opens, and selected electrical characteristics, depending on access and test design. | Medium- to high-volume assembled-board production with suitable test access. | Fixture design, board access, programming effort, coverage, and compatibility with the production line. |
| 4 | Manufacturing Defect Analysis (MDA) Systems | Electrical checks identify assembly defects, commonly using a dedicated fixture. | Shorts, opens, and selected passive-component measurements supported by the system configuration. | Assembly lines seeking a focused, cost-conscious electrical screening step. | Supported measurement functions, fixture requirements, fault diagnostics, and available program-generation tools. |
| 5 | Functional Test (FCT) Systems | The assembled board is powered and exercised through defined inputs, outputs, and operating sequences. | Power-up behavior, interface responses, signal levels, and application-specific functions. | Boards whose operation must be verified under representative conditions. | Test coverage, safe power sequencing, interface support, automation, and traceability options. |
| 6 | High-Voltage and Insulation Test Systems | Applies a controlled test voltage to evaluate insulation or dielectric withstand between specified conductors. | Leakage current, insulation resistance, or withstand result, using customer-approved test conditions. | Products and boards with defined isolation or safety test requirements. | Voltage and current limits, ramp and dwell control, interlocks, discharge provisions, and applicable product requirements. |
| 7 | Low-Resistance Measurement Systems | Four-wire (Kelvin) measurement reduces the influence of lead and contact resistance when measuring low resistance. | Resistance of selected traces, joints, contacts, or conductive paths within the instrument’s specified range. | Process checks where small resistance differences are important. | Measurement range, resolution, accuracy specification, probe method, calibration, and temperature conditions. |
| 8 | Boundary-Scan Test Platforms | Uses boundary-scan-enabled devices and test access ports to test selected digital interconnects. | Accessible digital connection faults and device-level tests supported by the design and test description files. | Dense assemblies with limited physical probe access and compatible devices. | Device support, design-file compatibility, test coverage, programming workflow, and required access hardware. |
| 9 | PCB Impedance Test Systems | Measures impedance on designed test structures using an appropriate time-domain or frequency-domain method. | Characteristic impedance of specified traces or coupons, subject to method, calibration, and fixture configuration. | High-speed designs requiring controlled-impedance verification. | Measurement method, supported frequency or rise-time range, calibration standards, coupon design, and reporting format. |
| 10 | Automated Test and Data-Integration Systems | Combines electrical test equipment with handling, barcode or recipe control, and production data capture. | Configured electrical test results plus board identification, pass/fail status, and process records. | Production environments requiring repeatable workflows and traceable test records. | Equipment interfaces, data formats, recipe control, line integration, service response, and export options. |